GUANTES
SIRVEN PARA QUE TUS MANOS ESTEN PROTEJIDAS A LA HORA DE SOLDAR POR EJEMPLO NO QUEMARTE LAS MANOS CON EL SOPLETE O CON ALGUN TIPO DE REBABA FUNDIDA.
CARETA
sirve para proteger tus ojos de la luz que proboca la llama del soplete ya que si lo haces sin proteccion prodias quedar siego o con algun problema de la vista.
BATA
sirve para proteger el cuerpo de las chispas,esto se utilisa mas en la soldadura electrica que es la que proboca demaciadas chispas a la hora de tocar la barilla con el metal que estas soldando
GLOVES
SERVE FOR YOUR HANDS ARE-protecting WELD WHEN NO SUCH HANDS BURNTHE TORCH OR ANY TYPE OF CAST BARBS.
MASK
serves to protect your eyes from the light the torch flame proboca because if you doprodias be reaping unprotected or any vision problem.
BATA
serves to protect the body from sparks, but in this utilisa electric welding which is whatdemaciadas proboca sparks when touching the metal rebar with these welding
SERVE FOR YOUR HANDS ARE-protecting WELD WHEN NO SUCH HANDS BURNTHE TORCH OR ANY TYPE OF CAST BARBS.
MASK
serves to protect your eyes from the light the torch flame proboca because if you doprodias be reaping unprotected or any vision problem.
BATA
serves to protect the body from sparks, but in this utilisa electric welding which is whatdemaciadas proboca sparks when touching the metal rebar with these welding
Ethyne or acetylene is the simplest alkyne. This gas is highly flammable, a little lighterthan air, colorless. It produces a flame of 3,000 ° C, temperatures higher combustionknown, second only to that of atomic hydrogen (3400 ° C - 4000 ° C), cyanogen (4525 °C) and deldicianoacetileno (4987 ° C).
TANQUE DE OXIGENO (OXYGEN TANK)
Si se encuentra una área donde las compañías de gas tradicionales no tienen acceso o no prestan el servicio, (O suministro informal o altos precios) con las plantas OGSI, puede llenar sus propios cilindros y ahorrar mucho dinero.OGSI ofrece una línea completa de Plantas LLenadoras de Cilindros (CFP's) diseñadas para producir oxígeno hasta un 95% de pureza para cumplir requisitos de respiratoria en hospitales o aplicaciones de pantas embotelladoras.
OGSI puede suministrar todo el equipo de apoyo como compresores de aire, secadores y compresores de oxígeno para sistemas de llave completos . Plantas LLenadoras de Cilindros (CFP) completas, con capacidad para llenar 10 a 100 cilíndros por día están disponibles. Con una pequeña inversión inicial, usted puede estar produciendo y vendiendo oxígeno prácticamente en cualquier lugar.
En OGSI nos sentimos altamente orgullosos de nuestra habilidad para desarrollar y comercializar unidades bajo las especificaciones de nuestros clientes.Todas las unidades de OGSI son montadas en pallets y preparadas para embarques en contenedores marítimos convencionales para su transporte a cualquier parte del mundo.
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OGSI offers a complete line of cylinder filling plants (CFP's) designed to produce up to 95% oxygen purity to meet respiratory requirements in hospitals or Pantas bottling applications.
OGSI can supply all support equipment such as air compressors, dryers and oxygen compressors to complete key systems. Cylinder filling plants (CFP) complete with the capacity to fill 10 to 100 cylinders per day are available. With a small initial investment, you may be producing and selling oxygen virtually anywhere.
In OGSI we are highly proud of our ability to develop and market units under the specifications of our clients.All units are mounted on pallets OGSI and prepared for shipment in conventional shipping containers for transport to anywhere in the world.Product literature are available in. PDF Adobe Acrobat ReaderRequirements Model NumberAir Output Size Oxygen TankSCF / min. Nm3/min. SCF / hour Gallons Nm3/hourCFP-15 Internal Compressor 15 0.4 N / APIC-15e Without Compressor 15 0.4 N / AOG-15 Internal Compressor 15 0.4 N / AOG-15nc Without Compressor 15 0.4 N / AOG15oem Without Compressor 15 0.4 N / AOG-25 6.5 0.17 25 0.66 60OG-50 12 0.32 50 1.3 60OG-75 17 0.45 75 2 60OG-100 22 0.58 100 2.6 60OG-175 32 0.84 175 4.6 80OG-250 45 1.18 250 6.6 120OG-375 68 1.78 350 9.84 120OG-500 88 2.31 500 13.71 120OG-650 118 3.1 650 17.1 200OG-750 133 3.5 750 19.7 300GL-1000 175 4.6 1000 26.3 300GL-1250 225 5.91 1250 400 32.9GL-1500 263 07.05 39.43 660 1500GL-2000 350 09.09 2000 660 52.57GL-2500 475 4.13 2500 65.71 1060GL-3000 625 4.16 3000 78.86 1060GL-3500 750 19.7 3500 92 1060GL-4000 850 22.3 4000 105.2 1600OG-5000
OGSI can supply all support equipment such as air compressors, dryers and oxygen compressors to complete key systems. Cylinder filling plants (CFP) complete with the capacity to fill 10 to 100 cylinders per day are available. With a small initial investment, you may be producing and selling oxygen virtually anywhere.
In OGSI we are highly proud of our ability to develop and market units under the specifications of our clients.All units are mounted on pallets OGSI and prepared for shipment in conventional shipping containers for transport to anywhere in the world.Product literature are available in. PDF Adobe Acrobat ReaderRequirements Model NumberAir Output Size Oxygen TankSCF / min. Nm3/min. SCF / hour Gallons Nm3/hourCFP-15 Internal Compressor 15 0.4 N / APIC-15e Without Compressor 15 0.4 N / AOG-15 Internal Compressor 15 0.4 N / AOG-15nc Without Compressor 15 0.4 N / AOG15oem Without Compressor 15 0.4 N / AOG-25 6.5 0.17 25 0.66 60OG-50 12 0.32 50 1.3 60OG-75 17 0.45 75 2 60OG-100 22 0.58 100 2.6 60OG-175 32 0.84 175 4.6 80OG-250 45 1.18 250 6.6 120OG-375 68 1.78 350 9.84 120OG-500 88 2.31 500 13.71 120OG-650 118 3.1 650 17.1 200OG-750 133 3.5 750 19.7 300GL-1000 175 4.6 1000 26.3 300GL-1250 225 5.91 1250 400 32.9GL-1500 263 07.05 39.43 660 1500GL-2000 350 09.09 2000 660 52.57GL-2500 475 4.13 2500 65.71 1060GL-3000 625 4.16 3000 78.86 1060GL-3500 750 19.7 3500 92 1060GL-4000 850 22.3 4000 105.2 1600OG-5000
LABORATORIO N° 2
MANOMETRO DE BOURDORE
La esencia primordial de este informe es dar a conocer uno de los instrumentos más importante que interfieren en la medición de condiciones específicas de diferentes procesos; El manómetro.
En esta experiencia se usó el manómetro de Bourdon. Este manómetro está formado por un tubo “aplanado” y que tiene un forma de “C”, puede resistir grandes presiones y además es el más usado.
Pero el problema que origina este laboratorio es la determinación de la curva de calibración del manómetro, ya que este manómetro está descalibrado y habrá que determinar si es posible calibrarlo.
Mediante mediciones de presiones manométricas (mediciones tomadas en el manómetro) siendo originadas por presiones reales (presiones originadas por pesas normalizadas) se determinan posteriormente la gráfica de calibración del manómetro de Bourdon.
En una de las gráfica, fue añadida una línea continua que representa una trasformación de unidades de [Psi] a [Psi], para que de esta forma se pueda hacer una comparación entre lo que se espera y los resultados obtenidos.
INTRODUCCION
Junto con la temperatura, la presión es la variable más comúnmente medida en plantas de proceso. Su persistencia se debe, entre otras razones, a que la presión pude reflejar la fuerza motriz para la reacción o transferencia de fase de gases; la fuerza motriz para el transporte de gases o líquidos; la cantidad másica de un gas en un volumen determinado; etc. Debido a este concepto es necesario conocer el manómetro de Bourdon, cuyo medidor de presión industrial es usado tanto a presiones como a vacíos. El cual se dará a conocer en el presente informe. Para ello realizamos una parte teórica y practica la cual va a consistir en la calibración del manómetro de Bourdon, en cual utilizaremos un calibrador de manómetro y el manómetro de Bourdon.
PRESION
Presión es la fuerza ejercida por unidad de área en forma perpendicular y se expresa en N/m2 en el sistema internacional, esta definición se muestra en la ecuación (1) y es aplicable para la presión en sólidos (esfuerzo), líquidos (presión hidráulica) y gases (presión neumática).
(1)
Para el caso de una columna vertical de fluido líquido o gas, aplica la definición expresada en la ecuación (2), esta ecuación es la que rige a los manómetros de columna de líquido, punto de interés en este documento.
(2)
La ecuación (3) mejor conocida como la ley de los gases, expresa la presión absoluta ejercida por un gas en un recipiente hermético a cierta temperatura,
(3)

esta ecuación es útil para determinar la diferencia de presión generada por la columna del gas utilizado para la presurización, columna de gas que se tiene cuando existe una diferencia de altura entre el nivel de referencia de la columna de líquido (menisco inferior) y el punto de interés (calibrando).
MEDIDA DE LA PRESIÓN
Para la medida de la presión se utilizan los barómetros y los manómetros. Los barómetros miden presión absoluta, respecto al vacío, mientras que los manómetros miden una presión relativa, diferencial, o presión manométrica, generalmente una sobrepresión (o depresión) respecto de la presión atmosférica. Normalmente se llaman barómetros a los instrumentos que miden la presión atmosférica.

MANOMETRO DE BOURDON
Los tubos de Bourdon son tubos curvados en forma circular de sección oval. La presión a medir actúa sobre la cara interior del tubo, con lo que la sección oval se aproxima a la forma circular. Mediante el acodamiento del tubo de Bourdon se producen tensiones en el borde que flexionan el tubo. El extremo del tubo sin tensar ejecuta un movimiento que representa una medida de la presión el cual se traslada a una aguja indicadora.
Para presiones hasta 40 bar se utilizan en general tubos curvados de forma circular con un ángulo de torsión de 270°, para presiones superiores, tubos con varias vueltas en forma de tornillo.
Los tubos de Bourdon tienen una fuerza de retorno relativamente baja. Por ello, debe tenerse en cuenta su influencia en la indicación, en los equipos adicionales como por ejemplo indicadores de seguimiento, transmisores de señal límite o potenciómetros de control remoto. Los órganos de medición de tubo de Bourdon solamente pueden protegerse contra sobrecarga de manera limitada mediante el apoyo del órgano medidor con un valor límite de presión.
Para cualquier tipo de carga, la relación entre la carga y la deformación es una constante del material, conocida como el módulo de Young: E=Carga/e. Por ende, si la constante de deformación es conocida, se puede obtener la carga según:
Carga = E*e
De modo que frente a deformaciones pequeñas de materiales elásticos, será posible obtener una cuantificación reproducible de las cargas (fuerzas) solicitantes.
El manómetro de Bourdon depende, precisamente, de la elasticidad de los materiales utilizados en su construcción. Este manómetro, tal vez el más común en plantas de procesos que requieran medición de presiones.


DESARROLLO EXPERIMENTAL
En la experiencia se desarrolló la calibración de un manómetro de Bourdon, mediante un instrumento en el que se agregan pesos equivalente a ciertas presiones que ya están determinadas (ver figura 1).

Estas pesas se colocan en un cilindro hidráulico y con un juego de válvula (válvula principal) se regula de tal forma que la marca del cilindro quede en la marca de referencia, de esa forma la presión marcada por las pesas, se muestra en el manómetro (ver detalle en la figura 2).

Las válvulas reguladoras se encargan de regular la válvula principal. Si la válvula principal se abre mucho (llega a su tope), entonces una de ella se encarga de cortar el paso del aceite del cilindro hidráulico (del que viene de la válvula principal) y la otra se encarga de dar el paso al aceite que viene del manómetro a la válvula principal, con esto, la válvula se puede cerrar, luego se le cambia el orden de apertura de las válvulas reguladoras y el proceso para la toma de muestra continúa.
Las pesas calibradas están determinadas en 50 o en 100 [Psi]. Supuestamente, al colocar una pesa en el cilindro hidráulico, el manómetro debe marcar la cantidad agregada, si así fuera, entonces el manómetro está calibrado. El manómetro puede estar graduado en otras unidades.
También deben tomarse las siguientes determinaciones:
Asegurarse de que no haya burbujas de aire en las cañerías del calibrador.
Incremente pesos sobre él embolo el cual ejerce una presión al sistema, y vaya anotando las presiones obtenidas.
3. Cuando se haya alcanzado la máxima presión, repita el procedimiento removiendo los pesos y anotando nuevamente las presiones obtenidas.

EXPOSICION DE LOS RESULTADOS
Para efectuar el laboratorio se procedió a agregarle las pesas de 50 en 50 [Psi] hasta llegar a completar las mediciones tomadas en el manómetro (carga). Se efectuó la misma operación pero esta vez se le fueron quitando los pesos (descarga).
Con este procedimiento se tomaron los siguientes datos resumidos en la tabla:
CARGA DESCARGA
Peso (psi)
|
Presión (Kgf/cm2)
|
Presión (psi)
|
Peso (psi)
|
Presión (Kgf/cm2)
|
Presión (psi)
|
50
|
7,5
|
106,7279768
|
800
|
57
|
810,72183
|
100
|
9,2
|
130,9196515
|
750
|
53
|
753,82907
|
150
|
13,1
|
186,4181994
|
700
|
50
|
711,1595
|
200
|
16,1
|
229,1093901
|
650
|
46
|
654,26674
|
250
|
20
|
284,607938
|
600
|
42,5
|
604,485575
|
300
|
23,1
|
328,7221684
|
550
|
40
|
568,9276
|
350
|
26,8
|
381,374637
|
500
|
36,5
|
519,146435
|
400
|
30
|
426,9119074
|
450
|
33,5
|
476,476865
|
450
|
33,5
|
476,7182962
|
400
|
30
|
426,6957
|
500
|
37,1
|
527,9477251
|
350
|
26
|
369,80294
|
550
|
40,5
|
576,3310745
|
300
|
23
|
327,13337
|
600
|
44
|
626,1374464
|
250
|
19,5
|
277,352205
|
650
|
47,3
|
673,0977735
|
200
|
17
|
241,79423
|
700
|
51
|
725,750242
|
150
|
13
|
184,90147
|
750
|
55
|
782,6718296
|
100
|
9,5
|
135,120305
|
800
|
58,5
|
832,4782188
|
50
|
6
|
85,33914
|
Con estos datos se realizó la gráfica de las presiones reales (las pesas normalizadas) y las presiones manométricas(la medida del manómetro de Bourdon).
En la gráfica, las unidades [Kgf/cm2] tomadas con el manómetro, se transformaron en [Psi], aún así, la gráfica es la misma (en su forma) si se hubiera mezclado las unidades.
La calibración del manómetro de bourdon realizada en la experiencia, nos da a conocer que con los datos obtenidos al realizar la carga sobre el embolo la presión obtenida es mas exacta tomando en cuenta una línea recta, con respecto a la presión que se toma en la descarga.
La descarga sufre una pequeña variación debido a que pudo a ver sido producido por el operante al efectuar la medición.
CONCLUSION
Al concluir el presente informe pudimos comprender el funcionamiento de un manómetro de bourdon, para llegar a esto fue necesario dar a conocer un concepto fundamental en la mecánica de fluidos, refiriéndonos a la presión cuya definición dice que llamamos presión a la fuerza que se ejerce sobre la unidad de área, siempre que la fuerza sea perpendicular a la superficie. Otra pregunta que fue necesario contestar como medimos la presión? Para ello se dio a conocer los conceptos de barómetros y los manómetros. Los barómetros miden presión absoluta, respecto al vacío, mientras que los manómetros miden una presión relativa, diferencial, o presión manométrica.
Después de haber conocido aquellos conceptos fundamentales nos referimos al manómetro de bourdon el cual es un elemento de medida de presión industrial, que es usado cuando el máximo requerido sobrepasa 25 lb/pul2 para medir presiones y vacíos combinados, para mediciones de presión mas directa o cuando se producen fluctuaciones de presión repentinas. En la parte experimental se realizo la calibración de un manómetro de bourdon, cuya experiencia consistió en agregar peso a un sistema, en el cual se va midiendo la presión, terminando este proceso se vuelve a realizar pero ahora descargando el sistema, cuya presión es medida.
Al determinar la gráfica de calibración del manómetro, se puede determinar algunas conclusiones o importantes puntos observados:
- Este manómetro puede ser calibrado de alguna forma, ya que su diferencia mayor se encuentra para bajas presiones.
- Este manómetro al parecer fue sometido a altas presiones (mayores de la que puede soportar), debido al siguiente razonamiento: El manómetro de Bourdon es un tubo “aplanado” en forma de “C” y que debido a la interacción de presión en aquel tubo, este tiende a enderezarse, pero, al colocarlo en una línea de alta presión (por ejemplo), esta “C” hecha de algún tipo específico de material, se deformó plásticamente en algún porcentaje, y este porcentaje afecta a la “C”, concluyendo que necesita más presión para seguirse deformando. Por lo tanto las presiones pequeñas no van a ser percibidas por el manómetro, sólo, a medida que aumenta la presión (aproximadamente a 650 [Psi] real) se puede encontrar que esta tiende a ser muy precisa respecto a la línea normal de presión.
UNIVERSIDAD DE ANTOFAGASTA.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA.
DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERIA MECANICA.
LABORATORY N ° 2
GAUGE BOURDORE
The main essence of this report is to present one of the most important tools that interfere with the measurement of specific conditions of different processes, the pressure gauge.
In this experiment we used the Bourdon gauge. This gauge is formed by a tube "flattened" and having a form of "C", can withstand high pressures and is also the most used.
But the problem arising from this laboratory is the determination of the calibration curve of the pressure gauge as this gauge is not calibrated and shall be determined whether it is possible to calibrate.
By gauge pressure measurements (measurements taken on the gauge) being caused by actual pressures (pressures from standardized mass) are determined then the calibration graph Bourdon gauge.
In one of the graph, was added a solid line represents a transformation of units of [PSI] to [Psi], that in this way can make a comparison between what is expected and the results obtained.
INTRODUCTION
Together with the temperature, the pressure is most commonly measured variable in process plants. Its persistence is due, among other reasons, the pressure could reflect the driving force for the reaction or phase transfer gas, the driving force for the transport of gases or liquids, the amount of a gas mass in a given volume; etc. Because this concept is necessary to know the Bourdon gauge, industrial pressure gauge which is used both to pressures as empty. Which will be released in the report. To do this we make a theoretical and practice which will include calibration of Bourdon gauge, in which we will use a feeler gauge and the Bourdon gauge.
PRESSURE
Pressure is the force per unit area at right angles and is expressed in N/m2 in the international system, this definition is shown in equation (1) and is applicable to solids pressure (stress), liquids (hydraulic pressure ) and gaseous (air pressure).
(1)
For the case of a vertical column of liquid or gas, the definition applies expressed in equation (2), this equation is controlling the liquid column manometers, point of interest herein.
(2)
Equation (3) better known as the gas law expresses the absolute pressure exerted by a gas in an airtight container at a certain temperature,
(3)
This equation is useful for determining the pressure difference generated by the column of gas used for pressurizing, gas column is when there is a height difference between the reference level of the liquid column (lower meniscus) and the point of interest (calibrating).
MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE
For measuring the pressure used barometers and manometers. Barometers measure absolute pressure, with respect to vacuum, while gauges measuring a relative pressure, differential, or gauge pressure, usually an excess (or depression) with respect to atmospheric pressure. Normally called barometers to instruments that measure atmospheric pressure.
Bourdon gauge
Bourdon tubes are curved in a circular tube of oval section. Measuring the pressure acting on the inner face of the tube, with oval section which approximates the circular shape. By Bourdon tube bending stresses occur at the edge that bend the tube. The tube end runs untensioned a movement that represents a measure of the pressure which moves to a pointer.
For pressures up to 40 bar are used generally circular shaped bent tubes with a twist angle of 270 ° for higher pressures, with several pipes in the form of screw turns.
Bourdon tubes have a relatively low return force. Should therefore be taken into account its influence on the indication, additional equipment such as monitoring indicators, limit signal transmitters or remote potentiometers. Bodies Bourdon tube measuring can only protect a limited overhead by supporting the body meter with a pressure limit.
For any type of load, the relationship between load and deformation is a material constant known as Young's modulus: E = Load / e. Thus, if the constant strain is known, the load can be obtained by:
Load = E * e
So against small deformations of elastic materials, it will be possible to obtain a reproducible quantification of the loads (forces) applicants.
The Bourdon gauge depends precisely on the elasticity of the materials used in its construction. This gauge, perhaps the most common in processes requiring plants pressure measurement.
EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
The experiment was carried out the calibration of a Bourdon gauge, by an instrument in which equal weights are added to pressures that are already determined (see Figure 1).
These weights are placed in a hydraulic cylinder and a valve set (main valve) is regulated so that the mark of the cylinder is at the reference mark, thus marked by pressure weights shown in the gauge (see detail in Figure 2).
Control valves are responsible for regulating the main valve. If the main valve opens wide (reaches its peak), then one of them is responsible for break up the oil hydraulic cylinder (which comes from the main valve) and the other is in charge of the oil passage comes from the gauge to the main valve with this, the valve can be closed, then it changes the order to open the throttles and the process of sampling continues.
The calibrated weights are determined in 50 or 100 [Psi]. Supposedly, by placing a weight on the hydraulic cylinder, the gauge should mark the aggregate amount, if so, then the gauge is calibrated. The gauge can be marked in other units.
They should also take the following determinations:
Ensure that no air bubbles in the pipes of the gauge.
Increase weights on the piston which exerts a pressure to the system, and go noting the pressures obtained.
3. When maximum pressure is reached, repeat the procedure by removing weights and recording the pressures again obtained.
STATEMENT OF THE RESULTS
To make the lab proceeded to add the weights of 50 to 50 [Psi] down to complete the measurements taken on the gauge (load). Same operation was performed but this time he was removing the weights (download).
With this procedure the following data were taken summarized in the table:
SHOCK LOAD
Weight (psi)
Pressure (kgf/cm2)
Pressure (psi)
Weight (psi)
Pressure (kgf/cm2)
Pressure (psi)
50
7.5
106.7279768
800
57
810.72183
100
9.2
130.9196515
750
53
753.82907
150
13.1
186.4181994
700
50
711.1595
200
16.1
229.1093901
650
46
654.26674
250
20
284.607938
600
42.5
604.485575
300
23.1
328.7221684
550
40
568.9276
350
26.8
381.374637
500
36.5
519.146435
400
30
426.9119074
450
33.5
476.476865
450
33.5
476.7182962
400
30
426.6957
500
37.1
527.9477251
350
26
369.80294
550
40.5
576.3310745
300
23
327.13337
600
44
626.1374464
250
19.5
277.352205
650
47.3
673.0977735
200
17
241.79423
700
51
725.750242
150
13
184.90147
750
55
782.6718296
100
9.5
135.120305
800
58.5
832.4782188
50
6
85.33914
With these data was the graph of the actual pressures (normalized weights) and the pressure gauge (as Bourdon gauge).
In the graph, the units [Kgf/cm2] taken with the gauge, were transformed into [psi], yet the graph is the same (as) if he had mixed up the units.
The Bourdon gauge calibration done on experience, we disclosed that with the data obtained by performing the load on the piston pressure is obtained more accurately by taking into account a straight line with respect to the pressure which is taken in thedischarge.
The discharge suffers little variation because he could see was produced by the trader to make the measurement.
CONCLUSION
In concluding this report we understand the operation of a Bourdon gauge to get it was necessary to provide a fundamental concept in fluid mechanics, referring to pressure the definition says that we call pressure force exerted on unit area, where the force is perpendicular to the surface. Another question to be answered was how we measure the pressure? This became known concepts of barometers and manometers. Barometers measure absolute pressure, with respect to vacuum, while gauges measuring a relative pressure, differential, or gauge pressure.
After meeting those basic concepts we refer to the bourdon gauge which is an industrial pressure measurement, which is used when required exceeds the maximum 25 lb/pul2 to measure pressures and gaps in combination to more direct pressure measurements orwhen sudden pressure fluctuations. In the experimental part was carried out the calibration of a Bourdon gauge, whose experience was to add weight to a system, which will measure the pressure, finishing this process is carried out again but now downloading the system whose pressure is measured .
Determining the gauge calibration graph, certain conclusions can be determined or important points observed:
This gauge can be calibrated in some way, since their difference is greater at low pressures.
This gauge was allegedly subjected to high pressures (greater than it can bear), because of the following reasoning: The gauge Bourdon tube is a "flattened" in a "C" and that due to the interaction of pressure at the tube This tends to straighten, but when placed into a high pressure line (for example), the "C" made of a specific type of material is deformed plastically in a percentage, and this percentage affects the "C", concluding that more pressure needs to be followed deformed. Therefore small pressures will not be perceived by the manometer, only, with increasing pressure (approximately 650 [Psi] actual) can be found that this tends to be very precise compared to the normal line pressure.
University of Antofagasta.
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.
GAUGE BOURDORE
The main essence of this report is to present one of the most important tools that interfere with the measurement of specific conditions of different processes, the pressure gauge.
In this experiment we used the Bourdon gauge. This gauge is formed by a tube "flattened" and having a form of "C", can withstand high pressures and is also the most used.
But the problem arising from this laboratory is the determination of the calibration curve of the pressure gauge as this gauge is not calibrated and shall be determined whether it is possible to calibrate.
By gauge pressure measurements (measurements taken on the gauge) being caused by actual pressures (pressures from standardized mass) are determined then the calibration graph Bourdon gauge.
In one of the graph, was added a solid line represents a transformation of units of [PSI] to [Psi], that in this way can make a comparison between what is expected and the results obtained.
INTRODUCTION
Together with the temperature, the pressure is most commonly measured variable in process plants. Its persistence is due, among other reasons, the pressure could reflect the driving force for the reaction or phase transfer gas, the driving force for the transport of gases or liquids, the amount of a gas mass in a given volume; etc. Because this concept is necessary to know the Bourdon gauge, industrial pressure gauge which is used both to pressures as empty. Which will be released in the report. To do this we make a theoretical and practice which will include calibration of Bourdon gauge, in which we will use a feeler gauge and the Bourdon gauge.
PRESSURE
Pressure is the force per unit area at right angles and is expressed in N/m2 in the international system, this definition is shown in equation (1) and is applicable to solids pressure (stress), liquids (hydraulic pressure ) and gaseous (air pressure).
(1)
For the case of a vertical column of liquid or gas, the definition applies expressed in equation (2), this equation is controlling the liquid column manometers, point of interest herein.
(2)
Equation (3) better known as the gas law expresses the absolute pressure exerted by a gas in an airtight container at a certain temperature,
(3)
This equation is useful for determining the pressure difference generated by the column of gas used for pressurizing, gas column is when there is a height difference between the reference level of the liquid column (lower meniscus) and the point of interest (calibrating).
MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE
For measuring the pressure used barometers and manometers. Barometers measure absolute pressure, with respect to vacuum, while gauges measuring a relative pressure, differential, or gauge pressure, usually an excess (or depression) with respect to atmospheric pressure. Normally called barometers to instruments that measure atmospheric pressure.
Bourdon gauge
Bourdon tubes are curved in a circular tube of oval section. Measuring the pressure acting on the inner face of the tube, with oval section which approximates the circular shape. By Bourdon tube bending stresses occur at the edge that bend the tube. The tube end runs untensioned a movement that represents a measure of the pressure which moves to a pointer.
For pressures up to 40 bar are used generally circular shaped bent tubes with a twist angle of 270 ° for higher pressures, with several pipes in the form of screw turns.
Bourdon tubes have a relatively low return force. Should therefore be taken into account its influence on the indication, additional equipment such as monitoring indicators, limit signal transmitters or remote potentiometers. Bodies Bourdon tube measuring can only protect a limited overhead by supporting the body meter with a pressure limit.
For any type of load, the relationship between load and deformation is a material constant known as Young's modulus: E = Load / e. Thus, if the constant strain is known, the load can be obtained by:
Load = E * e
So against small deformations of elastic materials, it will be possible to obtain a reproducible quantification of the loads (forces) applicants.
The Bourdon gauge depends precisely on the elasticity of the materials used in its construction. This gauge, perhaps the most common in processes requiring plants pressure measurement.
EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
The experiment was carried out the calibration of a Bourdon gauge, by an instrument in which equal weights are added to pressures that are already determined (see Figure 1).
These weights are placed in a hydraulic cylinder and a valve set (main valve) is regulated so that the mark of the cylinder is at the reference mark, thus marked by pressure weights shown in the gauge (see detail in Figure 2).
Control valves are responsible for regulating the main valve. If the main valve opens wide (reaches its peak), then one of them is responsible for break up the oil hydraulic cylinder (which comes from the main valve) and the other is in charge of the oil passage comes from the gauge to the main valve with this, the valve can be closed, then it changes the order to open the throttles and the process of sampling continues.
The calibrated weights are determined in 50 or 100 [Psi]. Supposedly, by placing a weight on the hydraulic cylinder, the gauge should mark the aggregate amount, if so, then the gauge is calibrated. The gauge can be marked in other units.
They should also take the following determinations:
Ensure that no air bubbles in the pipes of the gauge.
Increase weights on the piston which exerts a pressure to the system, and go noting the pressures obtained.
3. When maximum pressure is reached, repeat the procedure by removing weights and recording the pressures again obtained.
STATEMENT OF THE RESULTS
To make the lab proceeded to add the weights of 50 to 50 [Psi] down to complete the measurements taken on the gauge (load). Same operation was performed but this time he was removing the weights (download).
With this procedure the following data were taken summarized in the table:
SHOCK LOAD
Weight (psi)
Pressure (kgf/cm2)
Pressure (psi)
Weight (psi)
Pressure (kgf/cm2)
Pressure (psi)
50
7.5
106.7279768
800
57
810.72183
100
9.2
130.9196515
750
53
753.82907
150
13.1
186.4181994
700
50
711.1595
200
16.1
229.1093901
650
46
654.26674
250
20
284.607938
600
42.5
604.485575
300
23.1
328.7221684
550
40
568.9276
350
26.8
381.374637
500
36.5
519.146435
400
30
426.9119074
450
33.5
476.476865
450
33.5
476.7182962
400
30
426.6957
500
37.1
527.9477251
350
26
369.80294
550
40.5
576.3310745
300
23
327.13337
600
44
626.1374464
250
19.5
277.352205
650
47.3
673.0977735
200
17
241.79423
700
51
725.750242
150
13
184.90147
750
55
782.6718296
100
9.5
135.120305
800
58.5
832.4782188
50
6
85.33914
With these data was the graph of the actual pressures (normalized weights) and the pressure gauge (as Bourdon gauge).
In the graph, the units [Kgf/cm2] taken with the gauge, were transformed into [psi], yet the graph is the same (as) if he had mixed up the units.
The Bourdon gauge calibration done on experience, we disclosed that with the data obtained by performing the load on the piston pressure is obtained more accurately by taking into account a straight line with respect to the pressure which is taken in thedischarge.
The discharge suffers little variation because he could see was produced by the trader to make the measurement.
CONCLUSION
In concluding this report we understand the operation of a Bourdon gauge to get it was necessary to provide a fundamental concept in fluid mechanics, referring to pressure the definition says that we call pressure force exerted on unit area, where the force is perpendicular to the surface. Another question to be answered was how we measure the pressure? This became known concepts of barometers and manometers. Barometers measure absolute pressure, with respect to vacuum, while gauges measuring a relative pressure, differential, or gauge pressure.
After meeting those basic concepts we refer to the bourdon gauge which is an industrial pressure measurement, which is used when required exceeds the maximum 25 lb/pul2 to measure pressures and gaps in combination to more direct pressure measurements orwhen sudden pressure fluctuations. In the experimental part was carried out the calibration of a Bourdon gauge, whose experience was to add weight to a system, which will measure the pressure, finishing this process is carried out again but now downloading the system whose pressure is measured .
Determining the gauge calibration graph, certain conclusions can be determined or important points observed:
This gauge can be calibrated in some way, since their difference is greater at low pressures.
This gauge was allegedly subjected to high pressures (greater than it can bear), because of the following reasoning: The gauge Bourdon tube is a "flattened" in a "C" and that due to the interaction of pressure at the tube This tends to straighten, but when placed into a high pressure line (for example), the "C" made of a specific type of material is deformed plastically in a percentage, and this percentage affects the "C", concluding that more pressure needs to be followed deformed. Therefore small pressures will not be perceived by the manometer, only, with increasing pressure (approximately 650 [Psi] actual) can be found that this tends to be very precise compared to the normal line pressure.
University of Antofagasta.
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.